Let's derive into more detailed aspects of weather:

Atmospheric Composition:

Gases in the Atmosphere:
Nitrogen (about 78%) Oxygen (about 21%) Argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, and xenon (trace amounts)

Variable Gases:

Water vapor:
Highly variable and plays a key role in weather phenomena. Carbon dioxide: A greenhouse gas affecting temperature.

Energy Transfer and Radiation:

Solar Radiation:
Sunlight is the primary source of energy for Earth's weather systems. The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
Absorption and Reflection:
Earth's surface absorbs solar radiation, warming the atmosphere. Some energy is reflected back to space by clouds, the atmosphere, and reflective surfaces.

Atmospheric Layers:

Troposphere:
The layer closest to Earth's surface. Where weather events, including clouds and precipitation, occur.
Stratosphere:
Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters ultraviolet solar radiation.
Mesosphere:
Temperatures decrease with altitude. Where meteors burn up upon entering Earth's atmosphere.
Thermosphere:
High temperatures due to the absorption of solar radiation. Home to the ionosphere, important for radio communication.
Exosphere:
The outermost layer where atmospheric particles can escape into space.

Atmospheric Circulation:

Hadley Cells:
Convection currents near the equator, rising warm air, and descending cool air.
Ferrel Cells and Polar Cells:
Convection currents between 30° and 60° latitude and near the poles.
Trade Winds, Westerlies, and Polar Easterlies:
Surface winds resulting from the global circulation pattern.

Weather Systems:

Low-Pressure Systems:
Air converges and rises, leading to cloud formation and precipitation.
High-Pressure Systems:
Air descends, inhibiting cloud formation and promoting fair weather.
Fronts:
Boundaries between air masses with different temperatures and humidity levels.

Precipitation Types:

Rain:
Liquid water droplets falling from clouds.
Snow:
Ice crystals or snowflakes falling from clouds.
Sleet:
Frozen raindrops or partially melted snowflakes.
Hail:
Round pellets of ice formed in severe thunderstorms.

Severe Weather Phenomena:

Tornadoes:
Violently rotating columns of air extending from a thunderstorm.
Hurricanes/Cyclones/Typhoons:
Large, powerful tropical storms with strong winds and heavy rain.
Thunderstorms:
Produce thunder, lightning, and often heavy rain.

Instruments and Measurement:

Barometer:
Measures atmospheric pressure.
Thermometer:
Measures temperature.
Anemometer:
Measures wind speed.
Hygrometer:
Measures humidity.
Weather Satellites and Radars:
Provide valuable data for weather forecasting.

Weather Phenomena and Events:

El Niño and La Niña:
Climate patterns influenced by ocean temperatures.
Droughts and Heatwaves:
Prolonged periods of low precipitation and high temperatures.
Microbursts and Macrobursts:
Intense, localized downward air currents during thunderstorms.

Understanding these details helps in comprehending the complexity of weather systems and their impact on Earth's environment. Weather is a dynamic and intricate interplay of various atmospheric elements and phenomena.